South America is a continent in Western Hemisphere, connected to North America through the isthmus of Panama, and having coastlines along the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, and is the closest continent to Antarctica. It covers a broad variety of environments and terrains, ranging from the alpine glaciers and steep mountains of the Andes and tropical rain forests of the Amazon to the arid deserts, grasslands, and cold rocky coastlines.
Many parts of South America have a long history of human settlement, with indigenous tribes covering many parts of the continent. Some of these groups created vast empires, like the Inca. In ancient times, the interdimensional beings settled at Akator, and shared their technological developments with the different people of the New World.
In the late 1400s and early 1500s, European voyagers began exploring and claiming the lands of South America for their home countries. Spain conquered the Incan empire, and claimed much of the continent. Portugal claimed the eastern part of the continent, and began settling Brazil. France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom managed to claim small colonies along the northern coast, east of Venezuela.
Seizing the gold and other riches for the home countries, explorers searched for fabled hidden treasure cities, like El Dorado. In a succession in the early 1800s, the colonies of South America had declared themselves independent, with the former Spanish colonies fighting against Spain, and a peaceful formation of Brazil from Portugal.
The people of South America are a mix of mestizos, the descendants of European settlers, African slaves, indigenous populations, and later immigrants.
During the Cold War, the countries of South America were pushed by the United States of America to avoid Communism, and the US backed military dictatorships that promised to maintain capitalism.
For archaeologists, South America contains a trove of many different sites from different cultures, some of which were undiscovered until modern exploration in the twentieth century.
Adventures in South America[]
Indiana Jones journeyed to South America many times in his life, especially for archaeology.
In 1936, he traveled to the Temple of the Chachapoyan Warriors to recover a fertility idol, but lost it to his rival, René Emile Belloq. With Hovitos chasing him, Jones escaped in Jock Lindsey's airplane.[1]
In 1937, Jones and Francisca Uribe Del Arco journeyed to South America on the trail of Uribe's brother Felipe Uribe, who had gone in search of the Arms of Gold. Their travels included Buenos Aires, and across to Lake Titicaca.[2]
In 1941, he went to Peru to excavate an Incan Shrine, but was forced to flee from the authorities, and was captured when trying to escape through Ecuador.[3]
In 1957, Jones and Mutt Williams went to Nazca in search of Harold Oxley and the Crystal Skull of Akator, before being captured by Irina Spalko and her Soviet forces, who had also turned George McHale and captured Marion Ravenwood. Jones and his allies managed to escape, reach Akator before the Soviets, and prevented the Soviets from harnessing the secrets of Akator's interdimensional beings.[4]
Countries in South America[]
- Argentina
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- British Guiana
- Chile
- Colombia
- Ecuador
- French Guiana
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Suriname / Dutch Guiana
- Uruguay
- Venezuela
Indigenous groups of South America[]
Appearances[]
- Indiana Jones and the Interior World
- Indiana Jones and the Sky Pirates (Mentioned only)
- Indiana Jones and the White Witch (Mentioned only)
- Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs (Mentioned only)
- Raiders of the Lost Ark
- Indiana Jones and the Arms of Gold
- Indiana Jones and the Pyramid of the Sorcerer
- Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
Sources[]
- Raiders of the Lost Ark trading cards (Card: Valley Of Mistery)
- The Adventures of Indiana Jones
- From Star Wars to Indiana Jones: The Best of the Lucasfilm Archives
- The World of Indiana Jones
- Raiders of the Lost Ark Sourcebook
- Indiana Jones and the Lands of Adventure
- Indiana Jones Magic & Mysticism: The Dark Continent
- Around the World with Indiana Jones on IndianaJones.com (backup link on Archive.org)
- Research Begins in the Library on IndianaJones.com (backup link on Archive.org)
- Indiana Jones: The Ultimate Guide
- The Lost Journal of Indiana Jones
- Indiana Jones Heritage trading cards (Card: The Quest of Indiana Jones)
- Grail Diary (prop replica)
- The Real Indiana Jones: Curiosity & Creativity on Lucasfilm.com (backup link on Archive.org)